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References:
Abstract from the paper: Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories of behavior.
Boys, however, have been found to much more likely to target their own sex with direct aggression, so they are overall more directly aggressive.
- Artz S, Nicholson D, Magnuson D. 2008. Examining sex differences in the use of direct and indirect aggression. Gender Issues, 25(4), 267-288. [Abstract]
Abstract from the paper: Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories of behavior.
Boys, however, have been found to much more likely to target their own sex with direct aggression, so they are overall more directly aggressive.
Women have a 4.5x greater preference for their own sex than men do
permalink | category: Feminism | table of contentsIn four experiments, Rudman and Goodwin (2004) replicated an earlier result that women's automatic in-group bias is remarkably stronger than men's. The effect was analyzed in various regards, e.g. the preference of mothers over their fathers, and regarding associations with violence and intimidation. Overall, they found, females preferred their own gender 4.5 times as much as males.
As women prefer themselves more than men, this results in women being overall more positively evaluated, which is called the women-are-wonderful effect. One can see this effect also ratings of physical attractiveness, which may ultimately be rooted in Bateman's principle.
In Experiment 1, only women (not men) showed cognitive balance among in-group bias, identity, and self-esteem (A. G. Greenwald et al., 2002), revealing that men lack a mechanism that bolsters automatic own group preference. Experiments 2 and 3 found pro-female bias to the extent that participants
Discussion:
This phenomenon may be caused by the fact that women are more neotenous, so women might elicit each other's motherly instincts. In addition to their proneness to mass hysteria, women's large in-group preference bias serves as evidence of women being herd animals.
References:
- Rudman LA, Goodwin SA. 2004. Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? [Abstract]
"High potential" women earn more than "high potential" men, but don't report higher pay satisfaction
permalink | category: Feminism | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: In this constructive replication, we revisit a provocative study by Leslie, Manchester, and Dahm (2017). They found that gender and being designated a high‐potential employee interacted in accounting for pay and that this resulted in a reversal in the commonly observed gender pay gap favoring men. Our primary aim was to examine important boundary conditions associated with their work by (a) conducting a study using a sample that would better generalize across industries and to individuals who aspire to reach senior management, (b) adding critical control variables to the statistical models used in the pay equation, and (c) by introducing a different conceptualization of the high‐potential construct. Also, to better understand the consequences of their study, we considered an additional dependent variable that addressed pay satisfaction. Even after making these model additions, the gender by high‐potential interaction term was significant—ruling out four plausible third‐variable explanations for the Leslie et al. finding. Moreover, these confirming results were observed using a sample that represented individuals employed in a wide range of industries, who had the educational backgrounds, career histories, and motivational states typically required of candidates competing for senior executive roles. Furthermore, high‐potential women did not report higher levels of pay satisfaction, suggesting that high‐potential women did not perceive their pay premium to be an inequitable advantage and that there may be limited positive return associated with using a pay premium to retain high‐potential talent.
References:
Women report greater levels of incivility at work from other women
permalink | category: Feminism | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: Research conducted on workplace incivility—a low intensity form of deviant behavior—has generally shown that women report higher levels of incivility at work. However, to date, it is unclear as to whether women are primarily treated uncivilly by men (i.e., members of the socially dominant group/out-group) or other women (i.e., members of in-group) in organizations. In light of different theorizing surrounding gender and incivility, we examine whether women experience increased incivility from other women or men, and whether this effect is amplified for women who exhibit higher agency and less communion at work given that these traits and behaviors violate stereotypical gender norms. Across three complementary studies, results indicate that women report experiencing more incivility from other women than from men, with this effect being amplified for women who are more agentic at work. Further, agentic women who experience increased female-instigated incivility from their coworkers report lower well-being (job satisfaction, psychological vitality) and increased work withdrawal (turnover intentions). Theoretical implications tied to gender and incivility are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
References:
- Gabriel AS, Butts MM, Yuan Z, Rosen RL, Sliter MT. 2018. Further understanding incivility in the workplace: The effects of gender, agency, and communion [Abstract]
Gender-biased grading accounts for 21% of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school
permalink | category: Feminism | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: I use a combination of blind and non-blind test scores to show that middle school teachers favor girls when they grade. This favoritism, estimated in the form of individual teacher effects, has long-term consequences: as measured by their national evaluations three years later, male students make less progress than their female counterparts. Gender-biased grading accounts for 21 percent of boys falling behind girls in math during middle school. On the other hand, girls who benefit from gender bias in math are more likely to select a science track in high school. (Terrier 2016)
Abstract from the paper: Using three decades of data from the “Monitoring the Future” cross-sectional surveys, this paper showsthat, from the 1980s to the 2000s, the mode of girls’ high school GPA distribution has shifted from“B” to “A”, essentially “leaving boys behind” as the mode of boys’ GPA distribution stayed at “B”.In a reweighted Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of achievement at each GPA level, we find that genderdifferences in post-secondary expectations, controlling for school ability, and as early as 8th gradeare the most important factor accounting for this trend. Increases in the growing proportion of girlswho aim for a post-graduate degree are sufficient to account for the increase over time in the proportionof girls earning “A’s”. The larger relative share of boys obtaining “C” and C+” can be accounted forby a higher frequency of school misbehavior and a higher proportion of boys aiming for a two-yearcollege degree. (Fortin NM, Oreopoulos F, Phipps S. 2013)
In a similar vein, Zayas and Jampol (2020) found women are given inflated performance feedback compared to men.
Discussion:
The more less negative feedback women or girls receive may be a driver of their solipsism as they less likely know when their view of the world is just blatantly wrong.
References:
- Terrier C. 2016. Boys Lag Behind: How Teachers’ Gender Biases Affect Student Achievement. [FullText]
- Fortin NM, Oreopoulos F, Phipps S. 2013. Leaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic Achievement. [Abstract]
- Zayas V, Jampol L. 2020. Gendered white lies: Women are given inflated performance feedback compared to men. [Abstract]
Women are more likely to socially exclude others as early as age six
permalink | category: Tee-Hee | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: Throughout their lives, women provide for their own and their children's and grandchildren's needs and thus must minimize their risk of incurring physical harm. Alliances with individuals who will assist them in attaining these goals increase their probability of survival and reproductive success. High status in the community enhances access to physical resources and valuable allies. Kin, a mate, and affines share a mother's genetic interests, whereas unrelated women constitute primary competitors. From early childhood onwards, girls compete using strategies that minimize the risk of retaliation and reduce the strength of other girls. Girls’ competitive strategies include avoiding direct interference with another girl's goals, disguising competition, competing overtly only from a position of high status in the community, enforcing equality within the female community and socially excluding other girls.
References:
- Benenson JF. 2013. The development of human female competition: Allies and adversaries [Abstract]
Women are interrupted the most by other women, not by men
https://i.imgur.com/rEx7XSf.pngAbstract from the paper: Forty participants (20 male) had 3-minute conversations with trained male and female communication partners in a repeated-measures, within-subject design. Eighty 3-minute conversations were transcribed and coded for dependent clauses, fillers, tag questions, intensive adverbs, negations, hedges, personal pronouns, self-references, justifiers, and interruptions. Results suggest no significant changes in language based on speaker gender. However, when speaking with a female, participants interrupted more and used more dependent clauses than when speaking with a male. There was no significant interaction to suggest that the language differences based on communication partner was specific to one gender group. These results are discussed in context of previous research, communication accommodation theory, and general process model for gendered language.
References:
- Hancock AB, Rubin BA. 2015. Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language [Abstract]
Women are angrier in intrasexual conflicts than men and need more time for conflict resolution
permalink | category: Tee-Hee | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: The aim of the study was to investigate sex differences in proximate mechanisms that precede the termination of conflicts. In Study 1, we asked women and men to report their intensity of anger in response to hypothetical, common transgressions involving a same-sex roommate. Direct verbal and physical aggression elicited the highest-intensity anger for both sexes, although overall women reported more intense anger than men to all transgressions. In Study 2, we examined sex differences in subjective and physiological reactions to a conflict using a role-playing scenario. Following recall of a conflict involving direct aggression and role-playing a reaction to it, compared with men, women reported their anger would dissipate less quickly and they would take longer to reconcile. Women also exhibited increased heart rate, but little change in cortisol, whereas men exhibited little change in heart rate but increased cortisol production. We interpret the results as indicating that women are less prepared than men to resolve a conflict with a same-sex peer.
References:
- Benenson JF, Kuhn MN, Ryan PJ, Ferranti AJ, Blondin R, Shea M, Charpentier C, Thompson ME, Wrangham RW. 2014. Human Males Appear More Prepared Than Females to Resolve Conflicts with Same-Sex Peers [Abstract]
Female bullies often go unpunished, even when they engage in harsh physical bullying against boys
Abstract from the paper: Despite a large amount of research focusing on bullying and exclusion in secondary schools, there is far less research focusing on cross‐gender bullying and ‘popular’ students who experience bullying. This research provides an analysis of interactions between male and female students (aged 13–14) in a school in England. The data provides multiple examples, both in the form of observations and group interviews, of girls teasing, intimidating and bullying boys and other popular girls. The analysis also considers teachers’ reactions to this behaviour, highlighting that it is often unnoticed. This paper raises this as an area for concern and suggests that future research should explore this further, both gaining more in‐depth knowledge of female bullying and intimidation of boys and popular girls, and exploring ways of working with teachers and schools to support students.References:
- Dytham S. 2018. The role of popular girls in bullying and intimidating boys and other popular girls in secondary school [Abstract]
22.6% of U.S Airmen discovered their wives infidelity after returning from a year-long deployment
APA PsycNet
- Despite anecdotal reports of increased rates of infidelity during deployment, empirical findings are lacking. This study used a prospective design to examine the prevalence and risk factors of infidelity across the deployment cycle including a year-long deployment to Iraq.
- The rate of sexual infidelity prior to deployment (21%) was commensurate with the lifetime rate of sexual involvement outside the marriage in representative community samples of men. Across the deployment period, the prevalence of sexual infidelity was strikingly high (22.6%) compared with annual community estimates (1.5-4%; Allen et al., 2005).
- Balderrama-Durbin C, Stanton K, Snyder DK, Cigrang JA, Talcott GW, Slep AM, Heyman RE, Cassidy DG. 2017. The risk for marital infidelity across a year-long deployment [Abstract]
Men face more discrimination overall in society than women
permalink | category: Feminism | table of contentsAbstract from the paper: The Global Gender Gap Index is one of the best-known measures of national gender inequality, used by both academics and policy makers. We argue that that this measure has a number of problems and introduce a simpler measure of national levels of gender inequality. Our proposed measure is based on sex differences in the opportunity to lead a long healthy and satisfied life that is grounded on educational opportunities. The measure better captures variation in gender inequality than other measures, with inclusion of outcomes that can be favorable or unfavorable to either sex, not simply unfavorable to women. We focus on some of the most basic measures available for 134 countries from 2012–2016 (i.e., disadvantages in children’s basic education, life satisfaction, and healthy life span) and we relate these to various measures, including the United Nations' Human Development Index. We found that low levels of human development are typically associated with disadvantages for girls and women, while medium and high levels of development are typically associated with disadvantages for boys and men. Countries with the highest levels of human development are closest to gender parity, albeit typically with a slight advantage for women. We argue that the disparities, when they are found, are related to the sexual division of labor (i.e., traditional gender roles) in poorly developed countries as well as the underinvestment in preventative health care in more developed nations.
References:
- [Discussion]
- Stoet G, Geary DC. 2019. A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality [Abstract]
Kleptomania: The pathological urge to steal (kleptomania) is twice as common among women compared to men,<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and that does not even take into account that women are overall held to lower standards, more readily forgiven and less often required to extract/gather resources themselves.
.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676680/
.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676680/
- Free meals: As many as 23-33% of women have gone on dates only to get a free meal.<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-9" title="">[9]</a>
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550619856308
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[*]Disingenuous advice: Anecdotally, women have been observed on social media to trick other women into making poor life decision such as chopping off their hair.<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In one study, female hairdressers were found to cut good looking women's shorter, sabotaging their customer's attractiveness.<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Intrasexual competition of the sort might also explain other poor life decisions that women engage in such as getting tattooed, getting lip fillers,<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-24">[24]</a> undergoing gender transition, dressing scantily, having a high body count.
[*]https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/w..._Intrasexual_Competition_Upload_July_2023.pdf
[*]https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/lip-fillers-removed-rising-number-women-explained-2075857
[*]
National Scruples And Lies Survey 2004
The British women's magazine That's Life! conducted an informal survey of 5,000 British women, published in 2004. They found the following:<a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://incels.wiki/w/Female_sneakiness#cite_note-41">[41]</a>- 96% admitted to lying.
- 45% admitted to telling "little white lies" on a daily basis.
- 84% said they could lie with a clear conscience (mostly justified as sparing other people's feelings, agreeableness).
- 83% admitted to telling "big, life-changing lies" (13% saying they did so frequently).
- 50% would lie about who is her baby’s real father in order to keep their current partner.
- 24% of women would have a baby without their partner's consent.
- 42% would lie about contraception in order to get pregnant.
- 31% would lie about having a sexual disease (65% among single women).
- 45% said they told "little white lies" most days.
- 78% said they would pass off a second-hand gift as a new present.
- 50% have lied about a Christmas card being "lost in the post".
- 27% said they would tell a man if he was hopeless in bed (but 36% would gossip about it with their friends).
- 50% would flatter a man if he asked them about his looks (46% would tell the "brutal truth").
- 61% would want their partners to be "brutally honest" if they asked them "do I look fat?" or "do you think my best friend’s attractive?".
- 54% admitted stealing sweets or chocolates.
- 23% would "sneak a bottle or two" home if they were invited to a party by a well-off friend.
- 57% admitted to stealing something (25% from their parents).
- 38% say they would marry purely for money.
- 46% they had faked orgasms.
- 55% admitted claiming they were tired, had a headache, or felt ill to "get out of lovemaking".
- 19% of women with a long-term partner said they had cheated on him.
- 30% of all women have had an affair with a married man.
- 68% said they did not trust their partner.
- Victims/targets of female lying: Romantic partners (70%), friends (65%), parents (64%), customers and clients (58%) and bosses (57%).
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