the relation between a result of an attempt and a goal, where the result doesn't meet the goal
same as above, but the result meets the goal
craft/physical skill - repetition with the intent to improve
information - receiving input (reading, listening) repeatedly (better to read different presentations of the info, like a lecture + book chapter + notes + companion), picking out the important pieces of info and how they relate to each other as you think about the input, categorizing the facts and building relations between the categories so they form a coherent body of knowledge (you can do this by crafting a narrative or a bullet point-subpoint list)
new concepts - rereading the explanations and trying to apply them yourself, finding analogies for them
not sure it does, but it might be from anxiety and inability to focus
nothing apart from being mental processes
memorizing is wrong when you need to understand new concepts, but its fine if you need to have a large amount of information at hand
that's because memorizing the explanation of a new concept doesn't help you understand it
of course you also need to think about the material so you're not memorizing something obviously irrelevant, like all the examples an author gives to help you understand something
having a seemingly coherent answer about a topic which perplexes most people and is uncertain
